Scientific Sessions

STD and HIV Infection

Sexually Transmitted Diseases (STDs) are infections that are primarily spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral intercourse. They are caused by bacteria, viruses, or parasites, and can affect both men and women. Common STDs include chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, herpes simplex virus (HSV), human papillomavirus (HPV), and trichomoniasis. Many STDs can be asymptomatic, which means an infected person may not show symptoms but can still transmit the infection to others. Untreated STDs can lead to severe health complications such as infertility, chronic pelvic pain, pregnancy complications, and increased risk of acquiring other infections, including HIV. Preventive measures such as consistent condom use, regular testing, vaccination (for HPV and hepatitis B), and mutual monogamy with an uninfected partner significantly reduce the risk of infection. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment are essential to control the spread of STDs and prevent long-term health consequences.

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is a specific viral infection that attacks the immune system, particularly the CD4 cells (T-helper cells), weakening the body’s ability to fight off infections and certain cancers. HIV is transmitted through contact with infected blood, semen, vaginal fluids, rectal fluids, and breast milk. One of the significant risk factors for HIV transmission is the presence of other STDs, as they can cause sores or inflammation that make it easier for the virus to enter the body. If left untreated, HIV can progress to Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS), the most advanced stage of the infection, characterized by severe immune suppression and life-threatening opportunistic infections. While there is no cure for HIV, modern antiretroviral therapy (ART) allows infected individuals to live long, healthy lives by suppressing the virus to undetectable levels, which also prevents transmission (U=U: Undetectable = Untransmittable). Preventive strategies such as practicing safe sex, regular testing, treatment of existing STDs, pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and post-exposure prophylaxis (PEP) play a vital role in reducing HIV transmission. Global efforts to raise awareness, improve access to testing and treatment, and reduce stigma remain crucial in controlling both HIV and other STDs.