Scientific Sessions

Human Papillomavirus (HPV) is a common sexually transmitted infection, with over 200 identified types, of which certain high-risk strains are directly linked to cancer development. HPV is primarily transmitted through skin-to-skin contact, including vaginal, anal, and oral sexual activities. While most HPV infections are asymptomatic and self-limiting, persistent infection with high-risk types—especially HPV-16 and HPV-18—can lead to precancerous lesions and malignancies. These viruses target epithelial cells, integrating their DNA into the host genome, which disrupts normal cell cycle regulation through the expression of viral oncoproteins E6 and E7. These proteins inactivate tumor suppressor genes p53 and Rb, promoting uncontrolled cell proliferation. HPV is strongly associated with cervical cancer, accounting for nearly all cases worldwide, and is also implicated in other anogenital cancers as well as oropharyngeal cancers. Preventive measures, including HPV vaccination and regular cervical screening (Pap smear and HPV DNA testing), are critical in reducing the burden of HPV-related diseases.

Oncogenic viruses, also called tumor viruses, are a group of viruses capable of causing cancer in humans by altering the genetic material of host cells. Apart from HPV, notable oncogenic viruses include Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), linked to Burkitt’s lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma; Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and Hepatitis C virus (HCV), associated with hepatocellular carcinoma; Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1), which causes adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma; and Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV or HHV-8), linked to Kaposi’s sarcoma. These viruses employ different mechanisms for oncogenesis, including insertional mutagenesis, chronic inflammation, and immune evasion, leading to prolonged cellular damage and mutation accumulation. The development of virus-induced cancers is influenced by host immunity, genetic susceptibility, and co-factors such as environmental carcinogens. Prevention strategies for oncogenic viral infections involve vaccination (e.g., HPV and HBV vaccines), antiviral therapies, safe sexual practices, and public health screening programs. Understanding the molecular pathways of viral oncogenesis not only aids in prevention but also supports targeted therapeutic development, potentially transforming cancer treatment outcomes.