Healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), also known as nosocomial infections, are infections that patients acquire while receiving treatment for medical or surgical conditions in a healthcare facility. These infections typically occur 48 hours or more after admission and are not present or incubating at the time of admission. Common types of HAIs include urinary tract infections, surgical site infections, pneumonia (especially ventilator-associated pneumonia), and bloodstream infections, often linked to invasive procedures or devices such as catheters and ventilators. The primary pathogens responsible for HAIs include Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Clostridioides difficile. These infections not only increase patient morbidity and mortality but also contribute significantly to prolonged hospital stays and increased healthcare costs.
Nosocomial transmission refers to the spread of infectious agents within healthcare settings, primarily due to lapses in infection prevention and control practices. Transmission routes can include direct contact between healthcare workers and patients, contaminated medical instruments, or airborne dissemination. Overcrowded facilities, inadequate hand hygiene, improper sterilization techniques, and antimicrobial resistance further exacerbate the problem. Effective strategies to prevent nosocomial transmission include strict adherence to standard precautions, proper hand hygiene protocols, regular surveillance of infection rates, and judicious use of antibiotics. Staff education, environmental cleaning, and the implementation of infection control programs are also vital. Addressing HAIs and nosocomial transmission requires a multidisciplinary approach involving healthcare professionals, infection control teams, hospital administrators, and public health authorities to safeguard patient safety and improve clinical outcomes.