Scientific Sessions

Fungal infections in immunocompromised hosts represent a significant clinical challenge due to the impaired ability of the immune system to contain and eliminate fungal pathogens. Immunocompromised states can arise from various conditions such as hematologic malignancies, organ transplantation, prolonged corticosteroid use, HIV/AIDS, chemotherapy, or immunosuppressive therapies. In these individuals, fungi that are typically harmless in healthy hosts can become opportunistic pathogens, leading to invasive and potentially life-threatening infections. Common fungal pathogens include Candida species, Aspergillus species, Cryptococcus neoformans, and Pneumocystis jirovecii. These organisms can affect multiple organ systems, with presentations ranging from bloodstream infections and pneumonia to central nervous system involvement. Diagnosis can be challenging, as symptoms may be nonspecific and conventional microbiological tests often have limited sensitivity in early stages. Advanced diagnostic tools such as antigen detection assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing, and imaging studies play a crucial role in early recognition.

Effective management requires a combination of prompt antifungal therapy, reversal or reduction of immunosuppression when feasible, and targeted prophylaxis in high-risk patients. Treatment choices depend on the specific fungal pathogen, site of infection, and patient comorbidities, with commonly used agents including azoles, echinocandins, and amphotericin B formulations. Prophylactic antifungal strategies, particularly in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients or patients undergoing intensive chemotherapy, have been shown to significantly reduce the incidence of invasive fungal disease. However, emerging antifungal resistance is a growing concern, necessitating judicious use of available drugs and the development of novel agents. Preventive measures such as environmental controls to reduce exposure to airborne spores, strict infection control practices, and regular monitoring of high-risk individuals are critical components of comprehensive care. Ultimately, improving outcomes in immunocompromised hosts with fungal infections hinges on early diagnosis, rapid initiation of effective therapy, and multidisciplinary management tailored to the individual patient’s immune status and risk profile.