Scientific Sessions

Emerging infectious diseases (EIDs) are illnesses caused by newly identified pathogens or by known pathogens appearing in new geographic areas or populations. These diseases often arise due to environmental changes, globalization, increased human–animal interactions, and microbial evolution. Examples include COVID-19, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), and Zika virus disease. Many emerging diseases are zoonotic, originating from animals before spilling over into humans. Factors such as climate change, urbanization, and deforestation contribute to the spread of novel pathogens, while global travel and trade facilitate their rapid transmission across borders. Early detection, robust surveillance systems, and interdisciplinary collaboration between public health, veterinary, and environmental sectors are crucial to controlling outbreaks and preventing pandemics. The “One Health” approach—integrating human, animal, and environmental health—has become a key strategy in addressing the complex origins and pathways of emerging diseases.

Re-emerging infectious diseases are those that were once under control but have resurfaced due to factors such as antimicrobial resistance, waning immunity, breakdown of public health infrastructure, or changes in societal behaviors. Examples include tuberculosis (particularly multidrug-resistant TB), measles, dengue fever, and cholera. Globalization, migration, and declining vaccination rates have fueled the resurgence of many preventable diseases. Climate change has also expanded the habitats of disease vectors like mosquitoes, contributing to increased transmission of malaria and dengue in new regions. Combating re-emerging diseases requires strengthening immunization programs, improving sanitation, enhancing public health systems, and addressing antibiotic misuse. In both emerging and re-emerging infections, public awareness, scientific research, and coordinated international action are essential. Without timely interventions, these diseases pose significant threats to global health security, economic stability, and social well-being, underscoring the importance of preparedness, resilience, and innovation in public health systems.